Choline Deficiency in the Calf

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Abstract
On a “synthetic milk” diet containing 15% casein or 15% casein plus 0.3% cystine as the nitrogen source, two-day-old dairy calves were found to require a supplementary source of choline. When choline was omitted from the diet, an acute deficency syndrome developed in about 7 days. The symptoms included marked weakness and inability to get up, labored or rapid breathing and anorexia. Unless the deficiency had progressed too far, the calves responded to choline therapy. Later removal of choline from the diet did not appear to have any harmful effects.
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