Development of the Parasitoids Spalangia endius and Muscidifurax raptor1 in Relation to Constant and Variable Temperature: Simulation and Validation 2

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Abstract
When parasitized house fly pupae were placed at 8 different constant temperatures in the laboratory, the parasitoid Spalangia endius Walker, failed to develop completely at 12.8 and 15.6°C. The length of successful development ranged from 66 days at 18° to 17 days at 35°C. Another fly parasitoid, Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders, failed to complete its development at 12.8 and 35°C, but generally developed faster than S. endius . Under field conditions, parasitoid developmental rates varied on a seasonal basis and ranged between 21 and 183 days for S. endius and from 19–126 days for M. raptor . Developmental rates of both species were similar during summer, but M. raptor developed at a significantly faster rate during cooler months. An algorithm was used to predict development of parasitoids by providing simulation of responses to constant and variable temperatures. High correlation coefficients between predicted and observed developmental rates were obtained with both parasitoid species.

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