Fluctuation phenomena in instrument science

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Abstract
Definitions are presented of instrument science, and of fundamental and semi-fundamental fluctuations in physical quantities. Reference is made to the significance of instrument science both in pure science and in practical applications. Sources of fundamental fluctuations are reviewed, together with the corresponding formulae for the amount of fluctuation. The significance of energy stores, and of means of dissipation, in thermal fluctuations are contrasted. The theory is extended to thermal and radiation fluctuations, using the concept of transduction impedance in passive transducers. Particular reference is made to the application of the theory to radiation thermocouples and to seismometers.