Turbulent Mixing Phenomena of Ocean Outfalls

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Abstract
The turbulent mixing process that occurs when sewage is discharged into sea water was studied in the laboratory for horizontal, 15○, 30○, 45○, and vertical angles of discharge. Conductivity probes were used to measure the continuous and instantaneous change in ion concentration of the discharged effluent as it diffused into the surrounding fluid. A statistical analysis was made of the mixing process and the effects of surface proximity, angle of discharge, depth-to-diameter ratio, and Froude number on the diffusion of the effluent were studied over a large range of values common to California ocean outfalls.

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