Ideas, Interests and Oil Prices: The Political Economy of Trade Reform During Soeharto's Indonesia

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Abstract
Indonesia since the late 1960s constitutes an excellent case study in the political economy of trade protection. There have been major changes in the overall policy regime, from liberalism to significant intervention, and back towards liberalism. There have been large, though declining, inter‐industry variations in effective protection. There has been a lively domestic debate, much of it dominated by non‐economists. Many actors at home and abroad have a stake in that debate. And, since the 1980s at least, trade policy interventions have been reasonably well documented and quantified. In this paper, we show how quantitative analysis may be employed to shed light on changes in the trade policy regime over time. We also examine the principal actors with an interest in, and influence over, trade policy, delineating where possible how their influence translated into the policy arena. Finally, we speculate on whether the framework developed in this paper is applicable to the very different circumstances prevailing in the post‐Soeharto era.