Cloud-to-Ground Lightning and Upper-Air Patterns during Bursts and Breaks in the Southwest Monsoon

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Abstract
Convective bursts and breaks in the southwest U.S. monsoon are investigated in a lightning context because cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning is an excellent indicator of deep convection. Bursts and breaks are identified using six years of Bureau of Land Management CG lightning information. Composited upper-air analyses for 12 bursts and 10 breaks are developed to examine the synoptic-scale differences between these two regimes. Anomaly patterns are investigated, and average burst and break regimes am presented. This investigation shows the importance of moisture, the location of the subtropical ridge axis, and the high-plateau thermal low. For the burst, die ridge axis is displaced northward across Arizona and New Mexico and moisture is usually abundant in the southwestern United States. During the break, the ridge retreats southward into northern Mexico, giving way to dry westerly winds across Arizona. The high-plateau thermal low is firmly in place during July and August, and it pulls low-level moist air upslope into the Great Basin from the Gulf of California through the only opening available, which is the lower desert of Arizona.

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