Three-Dimensional Structure of the Cytoplasmic Face of the G Protein Receptor Rhodopsin

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Abstract
Rhodopsin is a G protein receptor from a many-membered family of membrane receptors. No high-resolution structure exists for any member of this family due to the insolubility of membrane proteins and the difficulty in crystallizing membrane proteins. Two new approaches to the structure of rhodopsin are described that circumvent these limitations: (1) individual solution structures of the four cytoplasmic domains of rhodopsin are fitted with the transmembrane domain; (2) the solution structure of a complex of the four cytoplasmic domains is determined from nuclear magnetic resonance data. The two structures are similar. To test the validity of these structures, specific site-to-site distances measured on intact membrane-bound rhodopsin are compared to the same distances on the structures reported here. Excellent agreement is obtained. Furthermore, the agreement is obtained with distances measured on the activated form of the receptor and not with distances on the dark-adapted form of rhodopsin. This approach may prove to have general applicability for the determination of the structure for membrane proteins.