Molecular mechanism of psychosine‐induced cell death in human oligodendrocyte cell line

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Abstract
This study delineates the molecular mechanism underlying psychosine‐induced oligodendroglial cell death. An immortalized human oligodendroglial cell line, MO3.13, was treated with exogenous psychosine (β‐galactosylsphingosine), a toxic metabolite that accumulates in the tissues of patients with Krabbe's disease. The mode of cell death induced by psychosine was found to be apoptotic, as revealed by different apoptotic markers viz., TUNEL, DNA fragmentation and caspase cleavage/activation. The action of psychosine was redox sensitive, as measured by changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (ψΔ), and this effect of psychosine could be reversed by pre‐treatment with the antioxidant molecules N‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine or pro‐cysteine. Psychosine directly affects the mitochondria as revealed by the activation of caspase 9 but not caspase 8. Up‐regulation of the c‐jun/c‐jun N‐terminal kinase pathway by psychosine leads to the induction of AP‐1 and, at the same time, psychosine also down‐regulates the lipopolysaccharide‐induced NF‐κB transactivation. These observations indicate that the mechanism of action of psychosine is, through the up‐regulation of AP‐1, a pro‐apoptotic pathway as well as, through the down‐regulation of the NF‐κB pathway, an antiapoptotic pathway.