Cobalt is used both in industry and in medicine, Industrially, it is used in various alloys—conferring properties of wear and corrosion resistance or enhanced magnetic permeability—as a catalyst, a pigment or a binder in the tungsten carbide industry. Medically, vitamin B12 requires cobalt while the radioactive isotope cobalt 60 is used in radiotherapy and gamma radiography. Dietary cobalt deficiency in animals is responsible for a serious wasting disease. Excess cobalt in both animals and man can produce polycythaemia, cardiomegaly or diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. Hypersensitivity is not uncommon. No confirmed association between cobalt and neoplasm has been fully established.