Effect of Thidiazuron, a Cytokinin-Active Urea Derivative, in Cytokinin-Dependent Ethylene Production Systems

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Abstract
Cytokinins are known to stimulate ethylene production in mungbean hypocotyls synergistically with indoleacetic acid (IAA), in mungbean hypocotyls synergistically with Ca2+, and in wilted wheat leaves. Thidiazuron, a substituted urea compound, mimicked the effect of benzyladenine (BA) in all three systems. In the Ca2+ + cytokinin system and the IAA + cytokinin systems of mungbean hypocotyls, thiadiazuron was slightly more active than BA at equimolar concentration. In mungbean hypocotyls exogenously applied IAA was rapidly conjugated into IAA asparate, and this conjugation process was effectively inhibited by thidiazuron, as by cytokinins. In the wilted wheat leaves system, 10 micromolar thidiazuron exerted stress ethylene production equal to that exerted by 1 millimolar BA, indicating that thidiazuron is more active than BA by two orders. The structure-activity relationship of thidiazuron and its thiadiazolylurea analogs in stimulating Ca2+-dependent ethylene production in mungbean hypocotyls was found to agree well with the structure-activity relationship of these derivatives in promoting the growth of callus tissues. These results indicate that thidiazuron and its derivatives are highly active to mimic the adenine-type cytokinin responses in promoting ethylene production and that the structure-activity relationship in promoting the growth of callus and in promoting ethylene production is similar.