Abstract
When electromagnetic interactions are calculated directly by second-order perturbation calculus without preceding separation of the Coulomb field from the transverse photon field by a canonical transformation, it is fundamentally not allowed to take a state without photons as zero-order approximation. A more correct zero-order approximation is determined, in which scalar and longitudinal photons are present in pairs. The probability distribution over the numbers of pairs present is given by the Schrödinger functional Eq. (20); these numbers are not limited. No transverse photons are present. The relativistic invariance of such a zero-order approximation is proved.

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