Organogenesis of the pituitary, adrenal, and lung at birth in the wallaby, Macropus rufogriseus

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Abstract
The ultrastructure of the pituitary, the adrenal, and the lung was examined in the newborn wallaby, Macropus rufogriseus. Tissue from six wallaby neonates (less than 8 hr of age), two near‐term fetuses (26 days after removal of suckling pouch young [RPY]), and a two‐day‐old pouch young was examined; and tissue levels of cortisol in the adrenal glands of five neonates and a near‐term fetus (26 days) were measured by radioimmunoassay. At birth the adenohypophysis comprised the bulk of the pituitary gland. The pars distalis was well vascularized and many cells contained electron‐dense, membrane‐bound granules. The adrenal glands lacked specific zones but comprised two distinct populations of cells. The cytoplasm of one cell type contained electron‐dense, membrane‐bound granules, similar to those observed inside catecholamine‐secreting cells of the adrenal medulla; the other cell type possessed large amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria with tubulo‐vesicular cristae. These features are characteristic of cells which are actively synthesizing steroid hormones. The concentration of cortisol was 0.58 ng/adrenal in the wallaby at birth. The fetal lungs near term were at the glandular stage of development, and epithelial differentiation of type I and type II pneumocytes was imminent although attenuation was not evident. The canalicular neonatal lung did not contain true alveoli, but type II pneumocytes contained osmiophilic lamellar inclusions of surfactant. The fetal pituitary and adrenal are functional at birth and are thus capable of initiating parturition and of influencing lung maturation in the fetus.