Efficacy and Potency of Antivenoms in Neutralizing the Procoagulant Effects of Australian Snake Venoms in Dog and Human Plasma

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Abstract
The efficacy and potency of Commonwealth Serum Laboratories (CSL) snake antivenoms in neutralizing the procoagulant action of Australian snake venoms was studied in vitro. The procoagulant action of venoms from Tiger, Brown and Taipan Snakes were measured in pooled canine or pooled human plasma. Mixtures of the venoms and their appropriate antivenoms, ranging from 0.1 to 15 times the recommended neutralizing dose of antivenom were then added to pooled canine or pooled human plasma and the efficacy and potency of the antivenoms in preventing the procoagulant action was measured. Neutralization was achieved by the addition of the appropriate antivenom in concentrations of 0.5 (Taipan), 10 (Tiger), 10 (Gwardar), 15 (Dugite) and an estimated 20 (Common Brown) times the dose expected. Similar results were obtained in canine and human plasma. The potency of Tiger and especially Brown Snake antivenom is substantially lower (10–20 times) than that predicted by CSL. These findings support an increase in the dose of antivenom to be used for the treatment of Tiger and especially Brown Snake envenomation complicated by coagulopathy. The in vitro canine model may be suitable for studying the procoagulant effects of Australian snake venoms.