Derived Characteristics of the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica

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Abstract
Results of the Ross Ice Shelf Geophysical and Glaciological Survey (RIGGS) provide the most complete data set available for any large portion of the polar ice sheets. In this paper, we use the RIGGS data to calculate some of the ice-shelf characteristics. These include steady-state particle trajectories through the ice shelf and the depth of isochronous surfaces, which are of particular importance in choosing a drilling site where ice from the grounded West Antarctic ice sheet is likely to be near the surface. Our estimates for depth to ice originating from the 500 m elevation contour show good agreement with depths to a glaciochemical transition in four ice cores that is believed to be associated with this elevation. This suggests that, for much of the ice shelf, there have been no dramatic and sustained departures from steady state during the past 1500 to 2500 years. With the RIGGS data and an assumed bottom melting rate distribution we calculate steady-state temperature profiles at each of the measurement stations. Then, adopting an ice flow law deduced from laboratory experiments and ice-shelf measurements, we obtain an effective flow-law parameter for each of these sites. Using these values, the measured strain-rate field is transformed to an equivalent stress field over the ice shelf. The stresses are determined by the ice-shelf freeboard and by the force field exerted on the ice shelf by its sides and by grounded ice rises, and our analysis yields estimates of these “restraining” forcesFfor the Ross ice Shelf. An apparent increase inFvery close to the ice front suggests that the ice shelf possesses a narrow seaward fringe of anomalously stiff ice. We suspect that this represents the effects of increased bottom melting rates (and therefore colder and stiffer ice) very close to the ice front. In order to illustrate the role of the restraining forces in controlling ice-shelf behavior, we calculate the strain-rate field for an unrestricted Ross Ice Shelf—one that is detached from its sides and contains no ice rises. Currently the creep-thinning rates for most of the ice shelf is (0.5–1) m year−1; for an unrestricted ice shelf, they would increase to ( 1–10) m year−1, with values up to 60 m year up stream of the ice rises.

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