Adenovirus-Mediated Delivery and Expression of a cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Inhibitor Gene to BEAS-2B Epithelial Cells Abolishes the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Rolipram, Salbutamol, and Prostaglandin E2: A Comparison with H-89

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Abstract
CAMP-elevating drugs are thought to mediate their biological effects by activating the cAMP/cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) cascade. However, this hypothesis is difficult to confirm due to a lack of selective inhibitors. Here, we have probed the role of PKA in mediating inhibitory effects of several cAMP-elevating drugs in BEAS-2B epithelial cells using an adenovirus vector encoding a PKA inhibitor protein (PKIα) and have compared it to H-89, a commonly used small molecule PKA inhibitor. Initial studies established efficient gene transfer and confirmed functionality of PKIα 48 h after virus infection. All cAMP-elevating drugs tested promoted the phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), activated a cAMP response element (CRE)-driven luciferase reporter gene, and suppressed both granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) generation and [3H]arachidonic acid (AA) release in response to interleukin-1β and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, respectively. These effects were abolished by PKIα. In contrast, H-89 behaved unpredictably under the same conditions. Thus, although CREB phosphorylation evoked by a range of cAMP-elevating drugs was abolished by H-89, neither activation of the CRE-dependent luciferase reporter gene construct nor the inhibition of GM-CSF generation was inhibited. Paradoxically, H-89 antagonized MCP-1-induced [3H]AA release and enhanced the inhibitory effect of submaximal concentrations of rolipram and 8-bromo-cAMP. We suggest that expression of PKIα in susceptible cells provides a simple and unambiguous way to assess the role of PKA in cAMP signaling and to probe the mechanism of action of other drugs and cAMP-dependent responses where the participation of PKA is equivocal. Furthermore, these data suggest that H-89 is not a selective inhibitor of PKA and should be avoided.