Abstract
The need to manage several pests at once must ultimately lead to complex programmes calling for the genuine integration-and not merely the juxaposition- of different control procedures, which would amount to manipulating the whole ecosystem rather than single life systems. This, the ultimate aim of pest management, has yet to be attempted. Thus, progress in the control of pests appears to depend primarily on a greatly increased knowledge of the population ecology of noxious, or potentially noxious, species in order to define adequately their status as pests, to predict significant changes in their numbers, and to manipulate their life systems effectively; and, secondarily, on the technological refinement of known insecticidal means, or the development of new insecticidal procedures.