Elevated Heavy Metals: A Stress on a Population of White Suckers, Catostomus commersoni, in Hamell Lake, Saskatchewan

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Abstract
Populations of white suckers (C. commersoni), in 2 physically and chemically similar lakes in the vicinity of, and receiving heavy-metal fallout from, a base-metal smelter complex near Flin Flon, Manitoba [Canada] were studied. The white suckers occupying Hamell Lake, Saskatchewan, which is contaminated by Zn, Cu and Cd, showed signs typical of a population under stress when compared with the population in Thompson Lake, Manitoba, which contains much lower levels of these metals. Hamell Lake white suckers showed greatly increased growth in length and weight, increased fecundity and earlier age of maturation, but reduced spawning success, reduced larval and egg survival, smaller egg size and reduced longevity compared with Thompson Lake white suckers. These differences are attributed to elevated heavy metals in Hamell Lake waters, particularly in early spring, a most critical period in the reproductive cycle of these fish. Effects of the metals on other species of fish in Hamell Lake are also discussed.