Starch equivalents, ration standards and milk production

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Abstract
The methods which we use in this country to calculate the rations for our livestock are based on studies made in Germany during the period 1890-1909, and in America at about the same time. These methods have been amended from time to time as the results of other studies have accrued, but, in the main, their basis lies in a few dozen experiments made by Kellner and Kuhn at Leipzig with steers and a very much smaller number made with milking cows. This basic information, expanded in many respects and certainly extrapolated well beyond its admittedly limited experimental foundation, is collected in two sets of tables in the books dealing with the feeding of livestock. One gives the requirements of different classes of stock in terms of energy values and the other gives the energy value of the common feeding stuffs.