Effects of Ionizing Radiation on the Development of Amphibians

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Abstract
This review discusses certain peculiarities of the effects of radiation on living organisms, the effect of irradiation on cells, tissues, and organs, and the effects of total and local irradiation on the development of amphibians. The effects of irradiation on amphibians are compared with the effects of irradiation on higher forms (mammals, including man) and lower forms (invertebrates, microorganisms, and plants), especially by considering general problems such as formation of giant cells, phagocytosis and regression, sensitivity of cells, tissues, and organisms, and the problem of radio-stimulation. The influence of irradiation on sex cells, fertilization, embryonic development, larval development, and adult amphibians is considered.