Transcranial Doppler and risk of recurrence in patients with stroke and patent foramen ovale

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Abstract
The importance of patent foramen ovale (PFO) in stroke of unknown cause remains disputed, as PFO may be present in up to 20% of normal people and in a high proportion of patients with non‐vascular disorders. Recent evidence suggests that the amount of right‐to‐left shunt (RLS) may be the crucial factor for stroke occurrence and relapse. The aim of the study was to assess predictors of recurrence in PFO‐related stroke patients with particular emphasis on amount of shunting. Patients less than 61 years old who had been admitted for a PFO‐related stroke within the previous 5 years, were re‐evaluated on a follow‐up visit. The clinical syndrome, residual disability, vascular risk factors and number of relapses as the index event were assessed. RLS sizing was semi‐quantitatively performed with saline‐enhanced transcranial Doppler (TCD), by assuming a cut‐off of more or less 10 bubbles recorded in the cerebral vessels as a criterion to discriminate large versus small shunt, respectively. Thereafter patients were prospectively followed‐up for a median time of 23 months. Total follow‐up was 61 months. Fifty‐nine patients (M/F = 23/36, mean age 43 ± 13) were studied. Overall there were 23 relapses in 13 patients. The amount of shunting was the only significant independent variable associated with relapse: at the end of the follow‐up period the recurrence rate was 0.66 and 8.2% per patient per year in patients with small and large shunt, respectively. This difference was statistically significant (χ2 = 10.39, P = 0.0012; OR 17.05, 95% CI 2.10–755.22). In patients with PFO‐related stroke, the amount of RLS as assessed with TCD is the only independent predictor of relapse. PFO sizing is mandatory in patients with PFO.