Women's experiences of non-invasive breast cancer: literature review and study report

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Abstract
A review of the post-1990 literature on breast cancer has identified a large body of psychosocial research focusing on coping styles, quality of life and women's participation in choice of treatment. However, numerous methodological problems were found, including a variety of different diagnoses included in samples both within studies and between studies, making comparisons difficult. In particular, no article was traced which focused on non-invasive breast cancer, or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Therefore a small exploratory study was conducted using qualitative methods to explore women's experience of DCIS, in an attempt to begin exploration of possible similarities or differences in the way women experience invasive and non-invasive breast cancer. A convenience sample of 10 women treated at two hospitals in an Australian state capital city was interviewed, and three themes which emerged from these interviews are discussed in this article. These are discovering the problem, reaction to the diagnosis, and information. Most women unexpectedly reacted in a calm and accepting way to receiving the diagnosis of DCIS, and this may be because they had had no signs of disease but been recalled for further tests after routine screening. They felt well and had no cause to assume a poor prognosis. It is possible also that their reactions were affected by a television health education campaign at the time, which gave a very optimistic picture of the benefits of early detection of breast cancer. Information-giving, as reported by the women, seemed deficient. None of them knew that they had had a non-invasive condition, one thought her disease had been benign, and another that hers was "evasive'. Findings are discussed in relation to the literature on information-giving and on the role of the nurse in this area, and suggestions are made for further research to systematically compare women's reactions to having invasive and non-invasive breast cancer in order that nurses may be aware of their possibly different needs and respond to them appropriately.