The Design of a Constant-Angle or Power-Law Magnitude Impedance

Abstract
A passive driving point impedance can be built from RL or RC elements to vary in magnitude nearly as\omega^kand to have a nearly constant angle atk\pi/2over an arbitrarily wide frequency range,|k| \leq 1. Except at the extreme ends, the successive positions of the network poles (along the negative frequency axis) are taken in the ratio\rho, in which\rhoin the range 6 to 25 determines an approximation error in the range 1 per cent to 10 per cent. The zeros of an arbitrarily wide-band network lie between poles, in the ratio\rho^kfrom a pole. A series string of parallel RL or RC pairs can be used to realize the impedance, according to whetherkis positive or negative. The R/L or 1/RC of successive pairs are in the ratio\rho, and the resistors of successive pairs are in the ratio\rho^k. One pair "at" each band edge, the "corrector" or "compensation" impedance, is specified by different ratios, so as to account for band-edge effects. An experimental admittance constructed with five capacitors and five resistors approximated an\omega^{1/2}admittance at a constant 45° angle to within the measurement accuracy of\pm1 per cent in magnitude and\pm1° in phase over the frequency range 50 cps to 10,000 cps.

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