Geological history of Norfolk and Philip Islands, southwest Pacific Ocean

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Abstract
Norfolk and Philip Islands on the Norfolk Ridge linking New Caledonia and New Zealand are deeply weathered erosional remnants of volcanoes consisting of olivine basalt lavas and tuff. Both volcanoes were active in the late Pliocene. The subaerial portion of the Norfolk volcano was constructed during several volcanic episodes from about 3.05 m.y. to about 2.3 m.y. ago. Both were built when relative sea level stood at about its present level, indicating that the Norfolk Ridge has been very stable at this latitude for the past 3 m.y.