Use of Ice Covers for Transportation

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Abstract
Observations are reported on the failure and use of freshwater ice covers for vehicular traffic. The study showed that good quality ice covers can support loads of up to P = 250 h2, where P is the total load in pounds and h is the thickness of the ice in inches. Failures were reported, however, for loadings as low as P = 50 h2. Factors contributing to the failure of covers for loading less than P = 250 h2 were: vehicle speed, thermal stress due to drop in temperature, and fatigue and quality of the cover. The results are discussed with reference to Westergaard's equations for the maximum stress due to circular loads on an elastic plate resting on an elastic foundation. Information is presented on the elastic and strength properties of ice covers required for theoretical calculations. Experience in the construction and use of ice roads and parking areas is described.

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