An animal model for the neuromodulation of neurogenic bladder dysfunction

Open Access
Publisher Website
Google Scholar
Abstract
Objective: To develop an animal model to examine the pathophysiology by which S3 sacral root electrostimulation alters the micturition reflex in patients with bladder hyper‐reflexia.Materials and methods: Chronic sacral nerve root electrostimulation was applied to spinally transected rats; 21 animals were divided into four groups. The spinal cord was completely transected at the T10–11 level and stainless‐steel electrodes implanted into the sacral foramen in 17 animals; these animals were subsequently divided into two groups (1 and 2). Six rats in group 1 underwent sacral root electrostimulation for 2 h/day and five in group 2 for 6 h/day, for 21 days. The sham group (group 3, six rats) received no stimulation and four rats were used as healthy controls (group 4). Voiding frequency was recorded and each animal was evaluated cystometrically at the end of the stimulation period. The results were compared with the sham and control groups.Results: Spinal cord transection resulted in bladder areflexia and complete urinary retention; 7–9 days after the injury, the bladder recovered its activity. Twenty‐one days after transection all animals had evidence of uninhibited bladder contractions. The mean (sd) hourly frequency of urination was 0.66 (0.18) in healthy controls, 0.83 (0.21) in group 1, 0.87 (0.34) in group 2 and 1.1 (0.31) in group 3. There was a significant decrease in the cystometric signs of bladder hyper‐reflexia in groups 1 and 2 when compared with group 3.Conclusions: This work reports an initial study showing that chronic electrostimulation of sacral nerve roots can reduce the signs of bladder hyper‐reflexia in the spinally injured rat. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the rat as an animal model to determine the effects of chronic electrostimulation on the micturition reflex.