In vitro studies on the effect of yolk sac antisera on functions of the visceral yolk sac: I. Pinocytosis and transport of small molecules

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Abstract
The production of congential malformations by the administration of teratogenic antisera to pregnant animals has been reported from many laboratories. This work has focused our attention on the importance of the yolk sac placenta in supporting the rat embryo during early organogenesis and the significance of yolk sac dysfunction in rodent teratogenesis. The studies reported in this article deal with the effect of teratogenic antisera on the process of yolk sac transport; specifically pinocytosis (as measured by 14C-sucrose uptake) and small-molecule transport utilizing 14C-α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) and 3H-2-deoxyglucose (DOG). We sought to determine whether several different yolk sac localizing antibodies interfere with these transport processes, and, if so, which transport processes were most affected. The results of the experiments indicated that teratogenic antisera interfered with the process of pinocytosis in the yolk sac and that pinocytosis can be reduced as much as 40%. Nonteratogenic antisera, even when they localized in the yolk sac, did not interfere with the process of pinocytosis. Furthermore, the teratogenic antisera did not interfere with the transport of small molecules (either AIB or DOG) in the yolk sac. These results indicated that while fluorescent localization of an antiserum in the yolk sac did not invariably indicate the potential for teratogenicity, it is likely that the reduction in pinocytosis may directly correlate with the teratologic and embryopathic events. This work reaffirms the view that the yolk sac in important during rodent organogenesis and that yolk sac dysfunction can play an important role in the development of congenital malformations. The results from the endocytosis experiments with explanted yolk sacs did identify the embryotoxic antiserum (i.e., whole visceral yolk sac antiserum) and thus this method may have utility as a rapid bioassay for these antisera. The simple measurement of endocytic index as a marker for the determination of teratogenicity of uncharacterized sera would represent a considerable saving in time, effort, and animals.

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