Late-Glacial Vegetation and Climate at the Manis Mastodon site, Olympic Peninsula, Washington

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Abstract
As the late Wisconsin Cordilleran Ice Sheet retreated, sediment accumulated in shallow depressions at the Manis Mastodon Archaeological site on the Olympic Peninsula, near Sequim, Washington. Pollen, plant macrofossils, and bones of mastodon, caribou, and bison occur within the lower 47 cm of these deposits. The fossil pollen and seed assemblages indicate persistence for 1000 yr (11,000–12,000 yr B.P.) of an herb-and-shrub-dominated landscape at a time when forest species appear elsewhere in Washington and in adjacent British Columbia.At present, Sequim is near the northern coastal limits of both Cactaceae andCeratophyllum. Mean annual precipitation is 42.7 cm and summer temperatures average 15°–16°C in July. The absence of coniferous trees and the presence of cactus andCeratophyllumin late-glacial sediments are explained by a regional climate that was drier and at least as warm as today. These conditions persisted in the rain shadow of the Olympic Mountains until at least 11,000 yr B.P.