Nuclear-Structure Studies with ($d, t$) Reactions on ${\mathrm{Pd}}^{110}$, ${\mathrm{Pd}}^{108}$, and ${\mathrm{Ru}}^{104}$

Seventeen-MeV deuteron-induced ($d, t$) reactions on ${\mathrm{Pd}}^{110}$, ${\mathrm{Pd}}^{108}$, and ${\mathrm{Ru}}^{104}$ are used to complement ($d, p$) studies exciting the same final nuclei. Many new states are reported, and in several cases previous $I-\pi$ assignments are changed. The sum of spectroscopic factors gives roughly the same degree of filling as was found from the ($d, p$) work for the $s$ and $d$ states; further anomalous behavior was found for the $g_{\frac{7}{2}}$ and $h_{\frac{11}{2}}$ states. There is a tendency for the spectroscopic strength to be shifted to higher excitation energy in ($d, t$) reactions than in ($d, p$) reactions. There are strong similarities between the Pd and Ru isotopes as regards the number of nuclear states of each $I-\pi$ and the degree of filling of $s$ and $d$ states, but the $g_{\frac{7}{2}}$ state seems to be much less full in Ru than in Pd. In both Pd isotopes, there is a low-energy state (0.671 MeV in ${\mathrm{Pd}}^{109}$ and 0.781 MeV in ${\mathrm{Pd}}^{107}$) excited by $l=1\mathrm{}$ transitions in both ($d, p$) and ($d, t$) reactions, indicating that they probably include components with $2p$ holes and $3p$ particles.