Abstract
In this article I examine the relationship between post-industrial growth and planning in three great cities: New York, Paris, and London. Each has taken a different approach to its post-industrial transformation. New York's approach, the Manhattan strategy of intensive development, emphasizes growth in and around the central business district. The Parisian approach, the axes strategy of extensive development, spreads growth through the larger region. London's approach, containment by zoning, stresses a balance between commercial growth and the preservation of neighborhoods and green space. I analyze each strategy as a product of a city's governmental structure, its control over local markets, and its developmental conditions. Each strategy reflects the historic practices of its respective city and entails its own costs and benefits.

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