Vaccine Protection of Chimpanzees Against Challenge with HIV-1-Infected Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

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Abstract
Because human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can be transmitted as cell-free virus or as infected cells (cell-associated virus), vaccines must protect against infection by both viral forms. Vaccine-mediated protection of nonhuman primates against low doses of cell-free HIV-1, HIV-2, or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) has been demonstrated. It is now shown that multiple immunizations of chimpanzees with HIV-1 antigens protected against infection with cell-associated virus. Protection can persist for extended periods (one animal had not been exposed to viral antigens for 1 year before challenge). These results show that it is possible to elicit long-lasting protective immunity against cell-associated HIV-1.