Urease-positive, Kanagawa-negative Vibrio parahaemolyticus from patients and the environment in the Pacific Northwest

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Abstract
We previously reported the occurrence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in patients and the environment in the Pacific Northwest. The present studies compare the biochemical characteristics, Kanagawa hemolysin reactions, and plasmid profiles of 13 patient and 221 environmental isolates of the organism. Classical biochemical testing of the isolates revealed similar reactions for the clinical and environmental strains, and analysis in agarose gels revealed that 13 to 15% of the isolates had plasmids. The strains were tested for production of Kanagawa hemolysin on Wagatsuma agar, and 1.4% of environmental isolates and 23% of clinical isolates were positive. Clinical isolates from locally acquired extraintestinal infections were urease negative and Kanagawa hemolysin negative, isolates from locally acquired gastroenteritis cases were urease positive and Kanagawa negative, and isolates from traveler's diarrhea were urease negative and Kanagawa positive. Eight percent of the local environmental isolates were also urease positive and Kanagawa hemolysin negative. These findings suggest that expression of the Kanagawa hemolysin is not essential for the pathogenesis of V. parahaemolyticus infections. In addition, our findings suggest that V. parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis in the Pacific Northwest is associated with a urease-positive, Kanagawa-negative biotype of the organism.

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