Aggressive Behavior in Deer of the Genus Odocoileus

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Abstract
The aggressive behavior of three races of Odocoileus hemionus is described. Five separate elements are identified: crouch, nose licking, circling, snort, and rush. All of these are common to the three races but differences in detail are noted. The “snort” shows greatest diversity between races. Comparisons are drawn between the aggressive behavior of Odocoileus and certain other ungulates.

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