Studies on Wheat Bulb Fly, (Leptohylemyia coarctata, Fall.)

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Abstract
Laboratory and field observations have been made on the biology of Wheat Bulb Fly in the years 1943–45. The eggs hatch in late January and early February. Severe frosts delay hatching but do not kill the eggs. In a laboratory experiment a high proportion of eggs buried 18 inches below the soil surface, hatched, and the larvae infested plants. Field observations showed that proportions of the eggs also survive prolonged flooding.The development and habits of the larvae are recorded. It was confirmed that oats are not a suitable host and though a very small number of these plants were infested the larvae did not survive. Occasionally two larvae infest the same shoot and when this happens one larva dies. The larvae leave the plants in April or early May and pupate in the soil. The pupal stage lasts six to seven weeks.The adults emerge, males first, in June. Copulation occurs about three weeks after emergence and at this time dense aggregations of flies occur. Usually males predominate in these and in certain circumstances all the flies are males. The flies disperse gradually from the field in which they emerged and the females start laying eggs in suitable areas about a month after emergence. In Yorkshire egg laying occurred in July and early August and lasted about a month. Even within the limited area and time of these observations variations up to three weeks were noted in different places and seasons. Lateness was associated with heavy soils.

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