Biologic Activity of Spores and Dried Powder from Ganoderma lucidum for the Inhibition of Highly Invasive Human Breast and Prostate Cancer Cells

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Abstract
Objective: Ganoderma lucidum has been used in East Asia as a home remedy to prevent or cure cancer. Furthermore, Ganoderma lucidum is one of the herbs in the herbal mixture PC-SPES that has become an alternative herbal therapy for prostate cancer. Because the dried powder of ganoderma is commercially available as a dietary supplement itself, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the biologic activity of samples of Ganoderma lucidum from different sources. Methods: Samples of Ganoderma lucidum were characterized morphologically and evaluated for their ability to inhibit cell migration of highly invasive breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Because the inhibition of cell motility is directly linked to the inhibition of the signaling pathway for constitutively active NF-κB in breast and prostate cancer cells, we determined how different samples of Ganoderma lucidum inhibit constitutively active NF-κB in a reporter gene assay. Results: Some of the samples of Ganoderma lucidum demonstrated strong inhibition of cancer cell migration comparable to the inhibition of constitutively active NF-κB, whereas other samples showed less or no activity in highly invasive estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells or androgen receptor-negative prostate cancer cells, respectively. Interestingly, we did not find any correlation between the purity and composition (spores versus powder) of Ganoderma lucidum and biologic activity. Conclusions: Ganoderma lucidum has demonstrated strong activity against breast and prostate cancer cells. Nevertheless, the composition of samples did not correlate with their ability to inhibit cell migration and activation of NF-κB in vitro.