Footprinting at low temperatures: evidence that ethidium and other simple intercalators can discriminate between different nucleotide sequences

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Abstract
Footprinting experiments employing DNAase I have been performed at 4°C. At this temperature several simple intercalating ligands, including both ethidium and proflavine, can be seen to induce marked changes in the pattern of cleavage. From an analysis of the changes in patterns of digestion by DNAase I we deduce that ethidium binds best to regions of mixed nucleotide sequence, especially those containing alternating purines and pyrmidines. Binding seems to be weakest to polydA sequences which consequently appear as regions of relatively enhanced cleavage. Attempts to reproduce these changes using DNAase II as a footprinting tool were unsuccessful.