Effects of relativity and wave functions on atomicL- andM-shell ionization by protons

Atomic $L$- and $M$-shell ionization cross sections by protons have been calculated in the plane-wave Born approximation for ${}_{79}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Au}$ and ${}_{92}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{U}$ with incident energy from 0.1 to 3 MeV with use of relativistic and nonrelativistic Hartree-Slater wave functions. These results are compared with those from the screened hydrogenic model to study the effects of relativity and wave functions. The relativistic and wave-function effects are found to operate in opposite directions. For $M_{1,2,3}$-subshell cross sections, severe cancellations occur between these two factors.