Alteration of intramolecular disulfides in insulin receptor/kinase by insulin and dithiothreitol: insulin potentiates the apparent dithiothreitol-dependent subunit reduction of insulin receptor

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Abstract
Dithiothreitol (DTT) was observed to increase both .beta.-subunit autophosphorylation and exogenous substrate phosphorylation of the insulin receptor in the absence of insulin. The natural protein reducing agent thioredoxin was also observed to increase the insulin receptor .beta.-subunit autophosphorylation. The activation of the insulin receptor/kinase by both DTT and thioredoxin was found to be additive with that of insulin. Further, the increase in the insulin receptor .beta.-subunit autophosphorylation in the presence of DTT and insulin was demonstrated to be due to an increase in the initial rate of autophosphorylation without alteration in the extent of phosphorylation. Similarly, the increase in the exogenous substrate phosphorylation was due to an increase in the Vmax of phosphorylation without significant effect on the apparent Km of substrate binding. In the presence of relatively low concentrations of DTT, insulin was found to potentiate the apparent insulin receptor subunit reduction of the native .alpha.2.beta.2 heterotetrameric complex into .alpha..beta. heterodimers, when observed by silver staining of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. N-[3H]Ethylmaleimide ([3H]NEM) labeling in the absence of DTT pretreatment demonstrated that only the .beta. subunit had accessible sulfhydryl group(s). However, treatment of insulin receptors with DTT increased the amount of [3H]NEM labeling in the .beta. subunit as well as exposing sites on the .alpha. subunit. Further, incubation of the insulin receptors with the combination of DTT and insulin also demonstrated the apparent insulin-potentiated subunit reduction without any increase in the total amount of [3H]NEM labeling. These results suggest that the insulin activation of the insulin receptor/kinase involves an increased sensitivity of the insulin receptor to reducing agents without any alteration in the total number of accessible sulfhydryl groups.