Appearance intensities for multiply charged ions in a strong laser field

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Abstract
We study multiple ionization of atoms by a strong laser field using a time-dependent approach based on the Thomas-Fermi model. The evolution of the electron density under the influence of a transient, linearly polarized radiation field is determined by numerical solution of hydrodynamic equations on a two-dimensional grid. We find a threshold ‘‘appearance intensity’’ for a given charge state, i.e., the laser intensity at which such a charge state first appears, which is in reasonable agreement with experimental results for high charge states.