Effects of mild, moderate and severe closed head injury on long-term vocational status

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Abstract
Survival from significant closed head injury (CHI) is frequently associated with cognitive defects, physical impairment, personality change, interpersonal difficulty and, in general, some degree of social dependence. Here we report a multidimensional assessment of quality of life of a sample of 131 male head-injury patients suffering a range of severities of insult with specific emphasis on vocational outcome. Of those patients who sustained a severe injury and were employed full-time prior to the CHI, only 55% were able to return to this level of employment. No differences were found between the moderate and severe groups in pre- or post-CHI occupational status, as measured by the Blishen (1967) quantitative social economic index, although both groups declined from pre- to post-CHI. Lower post-CHI occupational status was associated with lower GCS on admission and longer lengths of post-traumatic amnesia, with patient self-report of physical, cognitive and psychosocial difficulties, including spousal reports of confusion, belligerance, verbal expansiveness and the decreased ability to perform socially-expected activities. Stepwise multiple regression analysis accounted for 38% of variance in post-injury vocational status, with lower pre-injury vocational status, greater age, high physical and psychological difficulties and lower admission Glasgow Coma Scale score variables forming the regression equation. Implications are discussed in terms of rehabilitation issues, including vocational programming and planning.