Comparison of cathodal, anodal, and bipolar strength-interval curves with temporary and permanent pacing electrodes.

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Abstract
Acute animal experiments indicate that ventricular vulnerability to fibrillation or multiple premature contractions is greater during bipolar or anodal stimulation than with unipolar cathodal (with electrodes of equal cathodal and anodal surface area) because the anodal and bipolar absolute refractory periods are shorter, enabling easier excitation in the vulnerable period. To compare the relative safety of stimulation with various commercial electrodes, strength-interval curves were determined in patients during the initial period after electrode implantation (acute studies) and after a few years of pacing (chronic studies). In 9 of 10 acute studies in patients with permanent bipolar electrodes (anode surface area 4.4 times cathode) and in 9 of 10 chronic studies in patients with bipolar electrodes, the unipolar cathodal and bipolar refractory periods were equal. In 7 of 12 patients with temporary bipolar electrodes (equal anodal and cathodal surface areas) and in 2 out of 20 acute and chronic studies in patients with permanent bipolar electrodes the bipolar refractory periods were significantly shorter than cathodal because of anodal stimulation at the proximal electrode. Under appropriate physiological conditions and competitive pacing, patients would be more vulnerable to arrhythmias with bipolar stimulation than with unipolar cathodal. To decrease that risk, the anodal surface area should be 5-7 times the cathodal or the anode should be removed from the ventricle, especially for temporary pacing in circumstances of high vulnerability to arrhythmias.