Very late-onset Friedreich ataxia despite large GAA triplet repeat expansions.

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Abstract
Background Most patients with Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) have abnormal GAA triplet repeat expansions in bothX25genes. The size of the GAA expansion in the shorter of the 2 expanded alleles correlates significantly with parameters of clinical severity and is inversely related to the age at onset. Objectives To describe the clinical and molecular genetic findings in a patient with very late-onset FRDA and to review the literature. Patient and Methods A 58-year-old white woman with mild progressive gait disturbance of 15 years' duration whose examination revealed mild incoordination was analyzed for mutations in theX25gene. A combination of long-range polymerase chain reaction and genomic Southern blot analyses were used to identify GAA expansions in intron 1 of theX25gene. To uncover evidence of somatic variability in triplet repeat length, DNA isolated from several tissue samples was similarly analyzed. Single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis was used to screen for mutations spanning the entire coding sequence of frataxin and all intron-exon junctions of theX25gene. Results DNA isolated from blood leukocytes revealed GAA triplet repeat expansions in bothX25genes, which were estimated to contain 835 and 1200 repeats. Similar expansions were detected in DNA isolated from lymphoblasts, fibroblasts, buccal cells, and sural nerve, with estimated mean (±SD) lengths of the shorter and longer expansions being 854 (±69) and 1283 (±72) triplets, respectively. A review of reported cases of late-onset Friedreich ataxia (25-39 years) and very late-onset Friedreich ataxia (≥40 years) demonstrated that this is the first instance of a patient presenting with very late-onset FRDA despite carrying more than 800 GAA repeats in both expandedX25alleles. Conclusions This unique case of very late-onset FRDA highlights a limitation in our ability to accurately predict the phenotype in FRDA based solely on the size of the GAA expansion. Other genetic or environmental factors may significantly modify disease severity in FRDA.