Role of the vestibular system in the pathophysiology of spasmodic torticollis

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Abstract
The pathophysiology of spasmodic torticollis is still unclear. In idiopathic spasmodic torticollis no structural lesions are found in the CNS. However, there are two lines of evidence that dysfunction of the basal ganglia plays a part. Firstly, spasmodic torticollis can be seen either in isolation or as part of a more widespread hemidystonia after lesions of the basal ganglia or its connections.13-16Secondly, it is sometimes part of the clinical presentation in generalised primary torsion dystonia,17 in which functional imaging data and neurophysiological studies have shown abnormalities in the basal ganglia and its projections.18-21

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