Uniformity in marine invertebrate ichnology

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Abstract
Relationships between ichnology and uniformitarianism are perhaps less complicated than those of their sister subdisciplines, paleontology and paleoecology. Trace fossils are manifestations of benthic behavior; these traits, although evolving in significant ways, have remained stable over longer spans of time than individual species of invertebrates. The fossil record of behavior originated earlier than the fossil record of invertebrate body parts. Although macroinvertebrates and their traces exhibit tremendous diversity of form and function, these fit into a relatively small number of behavioral patterns. The patterns may correlate with prevailing environmental conditions, resulting in gradients among trace fossil assemblages, or ichnofacies. Behavioral patterns and characteristic ichnofacies constitute the main basis for uniformity in ichnology. The most fundamental questions are: what is the specific function represented by the trace; how will it change as the tracemaker is influenced by other genetic, physiologic or ecologic stimuli; in which facies will it likely occur; and what preservational biases are apt to modify the fossil record of this behavior and its environmental distribution? Approached from this standpoint, the present is a key to the ichnologic past, and vice versa. The present has been studied considerably less than its importance would dictate.