Super ENSO and Global Climate Oscillations at Millennial Time Scales

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Abstract
The late Pleistocene history of seawater temperature and salinity variability in the western tropical Pacific warm pool is reconstructed from oxygen isotope (δ 18 O) and magnesium/calcium composition of planktonic foraminifera. Differentiating the calcite δ 18 O record into components of temperature and local water δ 18 O reveals a dominant salinity signal that varied in accord with Dansgaard/Oeschger cycles over Greenland. Salinities were higher at times of high-latitude cooling and were lower during interstadials. The pattern and magnitude of the salinity variations imply shifts in the tropical Pacific ocean/atmosphere system analogous to modern El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). El Niño conditions correlate with stadials at high latitudes, whereas La Niña conditions correlate with interstadials. Millennial-scale shifts in atmospheric convection away from the western tropical Pacific may explain many paleo-observations, including lower atmospheric CO 2 , N 2 O, and CH 4 during stadials and patterns of extratropical ocean variability that have tropical source functions that are negatively correlated with El Niño.