l -Arginine-dependent suppression of apoptosis in Trypanosoma cruzi : Contribution of the nitric oxide and polyamine pathways

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Abstract
Until recently, a capacity for apoptosis and synthesis of nitric oxide ( ⋅ NO) were viewed as exclusive to multicellular organisms. The existence of these processes in unicellular parasites was recently described, with their biological significance remaining to be elucidated. We have evaluated l -arginine metabolism in Trypanosoma cruzi in the context of human serum-induced apoptotic death. Apoptosis was evidenced by the induction of DNA fragmentation and the inhibition of [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation, which were inhibited by the caspase inhibitor Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-aspartic acid aldehyde (DEVD-CHO). In T. cruzi exposed to death stimuli, supplementation with l -arginine inhibited DNA fragmentation, restored [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation, and augmented parasite ⋅ NO production. These effects were inhibited by the ⋅ NO synthase inhibitor N ω -nitroarginine methyl ester ( l -NAME). Exogenous ⋅ NO limited DNA fragmentation but did not restore proliferation rates. Because l -arginine is also a substrate for arginine decarboxylase (ADC), and its product agmatine is a precursor for polyamine synthesis, we evaluated the contribution of polyamines to limiting apoptosis. Addition of agmatine, putrescine, and the polyamines spermine and spermidine to T. cruzi sustained parasite proliferation and inhibited DNA fragmentation. Also, the ADC inhibitor difluoromethylarginine inhibited l -arginine-dependent restoration of parasite replication rates, while the protection from DNA fragmentation persisted. In aggregate, these results indicate that T. cruzi epimastigotes can undergo programmed cell death that can be inhibited by l -arginine by means of ( i ) a ⋅ NO synthase-dependent ⋅ NO production that suppresses apoptosis and ( ii ) an ADC-dependent production of polyamines that support parasite proliferation.