Crystalline Todorokite Associated with Biogenic Debris in Manganese Nodules

Abstract
Platy intergrowths of crystalline todorokite are associated with biogenic debris in the cores of manganese nodules from a site in the Pacific Ocean. Analyses by electron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy demonstrate that this material is composed of tunnels of chains of linked MnO 6 octahedra. The chemical composition, morphology, and stability of the todorokite differ from those of nickel- and copper-rich manganese oxides in nodules that have been identified as todorokite or buserite in earlier investigations.