Deriving Evolutionary Relationships Among Populations Using Microsatellites and (δμ)2: All Loci Are Equal, but Some Are More Equal Than Others …

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Abstract
Numerous studies have relied on microsatellite DNA data to assess the relationships among populations in a phylogenetic framework, converting microsatellite allelic composition of populations into evolutionary distances. Among other coefficients, (δμ)2 and Rst are often employed because they make use of the differences in allele sizes on the basis of the stepwise mutation model. While it has been recognized that some microsatellites can yield disproportionate interpopulation distance estimates, no formal investigation has been conducted to evaluate to what extent such loci could affect the topology of the corresponding dendrograms. Here we show that single loci, displaying extremely large among-population variance, can greatly bias the topology of the phylogenetic tree, using data from European grayling (Thymallus thymallus, Salmonidae) populations. Importantly, we also demonstrate that the inclusion of a single disproportionate locus will lead to an overestimation of the stability of trees assessed using bootstrapping. To avoid this bias, we introduce a simple statistical test for detecting loci with significantly disproportionate variance prior to phylogenetic analyses and further show that exclusion of offending loci eliminates the false increase in phylogram stability.