Nonlinear-response theory for time-independent fields: Consequences of the fractal nonequilibrium distribution function

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Abstract
Classical nonlinear-response theory is applied to an ensemble of experiments performed under the same external field. If the field is time independent, the formalism simplifies, and we can derive the ‘‘Kawasaki expression’’ for the distribution function, as well as the transient correlation-function expression for the observable response. Recent computer simulations have shed new light on our understanding of the steady-state nonequilibrium distribution function: the fractal nature of the distribution causes us to reevaluate the usual mathematical tools used to describe nonequilibrium processes.