The challenge of restoring Europe's nature and landscapes

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Abstract
In many parts of Europe, there is a growing emphasis on restoring nature and landscapes as well as protecting them. This is partly a response to the serious loss of biodiversity, and the erosion of habitats and landscapes, in Europe; but it is also because surplus agricultural capacity and other factors create opportunities for restoration. Several important programmes encourage restoration at the pan‐European and European Union scales; many countries are engaged in national restoration initiatives; and locally, throughout Europe, there is interest in restoring nature. The questions which arise in connection with this approach are analysed and 10 principles put forward to guide restoration strategies in Europe.