Bionomics and Integrated Control of Plant Parasitic Nematodes

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Abstract
Plant parasitic nematodes occur naturally in undisturbed soils. Establishment of an agroecosystem promotes the rapid increase of endemic pathogenic species and allows introduction of nonendemic species that quickly establish dominance. Nematodes now cause about 10% loss of yields of crops in the United States. About 20 highly effective nematicides are available to control nematodes and associated plant diseases in a number of crops. Nematode populations can be regulated by a number of soil management practices, including clean transplant, seed production, and crop rotations. Biological control can be achieved by addition of various types of organic matter to soil, some of which are not presently utilized, especially biodegradable solid waste. Over 152 nematode‐resistant crop varieties representing 17 major crops are available with resistance from one to three species of the 10 most destructive nematode types. Physical methods of control, including quarantine, sanitation, and crop destruction, are not vigorously applied. All methods available for nematode control have not been utilized in integrated control systems. Further research and development will allow use of integrated management systems, using several basically different approaches to nematode control, with nematicides used to supplement other control methods.

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